李保照（Ivan Lee）博士是亚利桑那州立大学公共事务学院的助理教授，现任职于海南大学-亚利桑那州立大学联合国际学院（位于中国海口）。他的研究主要聚焦于两个核心领域：其一，探讨政府沟通策略（如透明度、性别化语言、公平倡议宣传与选择环境设计）如何影响公民的认知、信任与政策遵从；其二，研究公共部门员工在风险、不确定性与官僚复杂性情境下的决策行为，尤其侧重于将公共部门风险规避作为一种动态情境特质进行理解和测量。
他的研究工作立足于公共管理、组织行为与心理学、人力资源管理及性别平等的交叉领域。他运用多种方法——包括调查与实验室实验、眼动追踪与生理指标分析、计算文本分析、面板数据分析以及行为实地研究——来探究决策过程与政策成效。此外，他还在HAIC牵头成立了公共服务、应急行动与社区发展中心（PEACH）实验室，该实验室致力于支持严谨的学术研究，并与地方社区组织建立合作网络。他的研究成果已发表于《Public Administration Review》《Public Management Review》《Government Information Quarterly》《Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis》《PLOS ONE》等权威期刊。
Ivan Lee is an Assistant Professor in the School of Public Affairs at Arizona State University, currently based at the Hainan University–Arizona State University International College (HAIC) in Haikou, China. His research focuses on two core areas. First, he examines how governmental communication strategies—such as transparency, gendered language, messaging on equity initiatives, and the design of choice environments—shape citizens’ perceptions, trust, and policy compliance. Second, he studies how public employees make decisions in contexts characterized by risk, uncertainty, and bureaucratic complexity, with a particular emphasis on understanding and measuring public sector risk aversion as a dynamic situational trait.
His work is situated at the intersection of public management, organizational behavior and psychology, human resource management, and gender equality. He employs a range of methods—including survey and lab experiments, eye-tracking and biometric analysis, computational text analysis, panel data analysis, and behavioral field studies—to investigate decision-making processes and policy effectiveness. He also leads a newly established lab at HAIC, the Public Service, Emergency Action, and Community Development Hub (PEACH), which supports rigorous research and cultivates partnerships with local community organizations.
His work has appeared in leading journals, including Public Administration Review, Public Management Review, Government Information Quarterly, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, and PLOS ONE.
谷歌学术网址Google Scholar link:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZwgaVlYAAAAJ&hl=en
部分发表成果 Selective Publications:
1. Lee, I. P., & Jilke, S. (2023). Sector attraction and the role of job information: Evidence from a conjoint experiment. Public Administration Review, 84(5), 982–996. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13760
摘要：公共部门与私营部门的员工是否存在差异？这种差异是否源于不同特质的人群倾向于选择政府工作而非企业？既有研究认为，具有某些特征（如高风险规避倾向或高公共服务动机）的个体更可能自我选择进入公共部门。本研究提出，这种部门吸引力效应取决于求职者在招聘过程不同阶段所能获得的职位相关信息的丰富程度。我们采用三阶段联合实验设计对假设进行检验。研究发现：就业部门仅在求职者获得直接信息较少时影响其选择；一旦他们掌握更多职位相关信息，部门差异的影响便会减弱。该效应对公共服务动机水平较高的个体尤为显著。这些发现表明，部门吸引力效应具有情境依赖性，这对公共部门人才吸引的理论与实践具有重要启示。
Abstract: Are public and private employees different? And is this difference due to the fact that different people are attracted to work for government rather than companies? It has been proposed that individuals with certain characteristics, such as having high levels of risk aversion or public service motivation (PSM), are more likely to self-select into public service. This study argues that this sector attraction effect depends on the amount of job-related information available to job seekers at different stages of the job search process. We test our hypotheses using a threestage conjoint experimental design. The employment sector only matters to job seekers when little direct information is provided. Once more job-related information is available to them, it diminishes. This effect is especially strong for people with high levels of PSM. These findings suggest that the sector attraction effect is situational, which has important implications for theory and practice of public sector attraction.
2. Lee, I. P., Jilke, S., & James, O. (2021). Do more options always benefit the users of public services? An experimental study of school choice, performance, and satisfaction. Public Administration Review, 81(1), 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13271
摘要：近年来，在教育等众多公共服务领域中，提供者选择日益增加。支持者认为，提供选择能够提升用户满意度。然而，选择过载的心理学研究指出，选项过多可能产生负面影响。本文通过一项调查实验，研究了在学校绩效下滑或提升的不同情境下，提供者选择对家长学校满意度的影响。研究显示，与没有选择相比，提供选择能够提升满意度及对过程公平性的感知；但与此同时，与研究预期一致的是，增加选项数量并不会进一步提高满意度。这些发现对将满意度作为绩效衡量指标具有重要启示：用户满意度并非独立于选择过程而存在。因此，公共服务供给系统的设计应汲取如下经验：尽管提供最低限度的用户选择优于完全不提供选择，但进一步增加供给选项未必能持续提升用户满意度。
Abstract: Recent years have seen an increase in choice of provider in many public services, including education. Proponents of provider choice suggest that it increases users’ satisfaction. However, insights from the psychology of choice overload suggest that too much choice can be detrimental. The authors use a survey experiment to investigate the effect of provider choice on parents’ satisfaction with schools (under performance declines and increases). The findings show that choice increases satisfaction and perceptions of fairness of the process compared with no choice. However, consistent with choice overload, increasing the number of options does not boost satisfaction. The findings have important implications for satisfaction as a measure of performance, because user satisfaction seems not to be independent of choice processes. This suggests lessons for designing delivery systems: although facilitating minimal user choice is preferable to having no choice, further increasing delivery options may not increase users’ satisfaction.
3. Tai, K.-T., Awasthi, P., & Lee, I. P. (2024). Open government data and self-efficacy: The empirical evidence of micro foundation via survey experiments. Government Information Quarterly, 41(4), 101975–101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101975
摘要：关于政府开放性与开放政府数据潜在影响的研究并非新议题。然而，能够验证宏观层面理论的微观层面实证证据仍显不足。本研究以社会认知理论为基础，通过实证检验政府以开放数据格式发布信息如何影响个体的自我效能感认知（公众参与的关键预测变量），为相关研究提供了新的经验证据。基于在美国开展的两轮在线调查实验，研究发现：接触开放政府数据会降低个体的自我效能感知，进而削弱其参与公共事务的信心。这一结果虽与乐观假设相悖，却与其他实证研究结论相呼应，并凸显了重新审视政府信息发布形式的必要性。其政策启示表明，应进一步校准开放数据应用，使其更精准地面向专业人士与技能型群体。本研究强调了实验复现与理论发展作为未来研究议程核心要素的重要性。
Abstract: Research on the potential impacts of government openness and open government data is not new. However, empirical evidence regarding the micro-level impact, which can validate macro-level theories, has been particularly limited. Grounded in social cognitive theory, this study contributes to the literature by empirically examining how the dissemination of government information in an open data format can influence individuals’ perceptions of self-efficacy, a key predictor of public participation. Based on two rounds of online survey experiments conducted in the U.S., the findings reveal that exposure to open government data is associated with decreased perceived self-efficacy, resulting in lower confidence in participating in public affairs. This result, while contrary to optimistic assumptions, aligns with some other empirical studies and highlights the need to reconsider the format for disseminating government information. The policy implications suggest further calibration of open data applications to target professional and skilled individuals. This study underscores the importance of experiment replication and theory development as key components of future research agendas.
4. Hamidullah, M. F., Riccucci, N. M., & Lee, I. P. (2021). Citizens’ perceptions of closing the gender pay gap: an experimental study. Public Management Review, 23(7), 1032–1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2020.1722207
摘要：薪酬公平问题一直是社会关注的重要议题。其中，公众对男女薪酬差距的认知是一个尚未得到充分研究的领域。本研究旨在通过在线实验设计，调查受访者对地方政府推动薪酬公平措施的看法，从而探讨公众在缩小薪酬差距问题上的认知倾向。研究发现，无论女性与男性员工的实际工作表现如何，公民普遍对政府推动薪酬公平的努力持积极态度。
Abstract: The issue of pay equity has been a topic of interest in our society. One area that has been understudied is the perceptions of the citizenry toward pay disparities between women and men. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of the citizenry in efforts to close the pay gap. We rely on an online experimental design, where we ask survey respondents their views on efforts by a local government to promote pay equity. We find that, regardless of how female and male employees are actually performing, citizens have favorable responses towards efforts to promote pay equity.
学术服务 Service
在亚利桑那州立大学瓦茨公共服务与社区解决方案学院提供的种子基金和教学创新奖支持下，李保照博士创立了 “公共服务、应急行动与社区发展中心”（简称 PEACH 实验室）。
With support from the Seed Grant and the Teaching Innovation Award from the Watts College of Public Service and Community Solutions at Arizona State University, Dr. Ivan Lee established the Public Service, Emergency Action, & Community Development Hub (PEACH).
该实验室是海南大学-亚利桑那州立大学联合国际旅游学院内一项重要的基础设施与共享资源，旨在服务其成员及更广泛的社区。PEACH 实验室的使命是开展严谨、有影响力的研究，以提升公共服务效能、推进社区资源发展并改善应急管理实践。同时，它也是一个活跃的平台，促进师生与当地社区联结，参与应对紧迫社会挑战的实际项目。
This lab is a vital infrastructure and shared resource within the Hainan University-Arizona State University International College (HAIC), designed to benefit both its members and the wider community. PEACH’s mission is to conduct rigorous, impactful research that elevates public service performance, advances community resource development, and improves emergency management practices. PEACH also serves as a dynamic platform for faculty and students to connect with local communities and participate in real-world projects that address urgent societal challenges.
PEACH 主要提供两项核心功能 PEACH offers two primary functions:
研究枢纽Research Hub：作为研究支持平台，PEACH 为学院师生开展学术工作提供全面支持。实验室配备隔音、受控的实验环境，适用于定量与定性研究，保障高质量的数据采集与分析。PEACH serves as a research hub that provides comprehensive support to HAIC faculty and students in advancing their scholarly work. It offers a noise-cancelled, controlled laboratory environment suitable for both quantitative and qualitative research, enabling high-quality data collection and analysis.
社区对接与学生实习Outreach and Student Internships: PEACH 积极与当地社区建立联系，为学生创造参与一线公共服务的实习机会。这些实践使学生能够观察公共服务如何落实、政策如何在现实中执行。此类合作也催生了研究协作机会，让师生能够与地方伙伴共同开展围绕公共管理与社区发展相关议题的合作研究。PEACH builds connections with local communities, creating internship opportunities for students to engage with street-level public service. These experiences allow students to observe how public services are delivered and how policies are implemented in practice. Such partnerships also foster research collaboration opportunities, enabling faculty and students to work with local partners on issues relevant to public administration and community development.
Noise-cancelled, controlled laboratory environment
Eye-tracking and biometric measurement devices
Electroencephalogram (EEG) devices
Student Internship Programs
